NIS2: 1. Perform a gap analysis

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We wrote here https://www.sorinmustaca.com/how-to-nis2-eu-directive/ that the first step in implementing NIS2 requirements is to perform a gap analysis.

 

The most critical part when performing a gap analysis is to define upfront against which standard or security framework are you comparing the existing situation.

It is usual when performing a gap analysis of security maturity to compare against ISO 27000 standard, the ISO 27001 in particular.

Performing a gap analysis on the security stance of a company following ISO 27001 involves comparing its current security measures and practices against the requirements specified in the ISO 27001 standard.

This analysis helps identify areas where the company’s security posture aligns with the standard (compliance) and areas where there are gaps or deficiencies (non-compliance). Here’s a technical breakdown of the process:

 

  1. Familiarize with ISO 27001
    Understand the ISO 27001 standard and its security requirements. This includes studying the Annex A controls, which represent a comprehensive set of security best practices.
  2. Define the Scope
    Determine the scope of the analysis, starting with which areas of the organization’s security management system (SMS) will be assessed, such as specific departments, processes, assets, or locations.
    Then focus on which parts of the company’s operations will be assessed. This could include networks, systems, applications, physical security, personnel, and other relevant components.
    Keep in mind that usually the goal of the company is not reaching ISO 27001 compliance but to see their maturity level and see how prepared they are cybersecurity events and incidents.
    This means that the parallel to ISO 27001 controls (see below) should not be extremely strict, unless the goal really is achieving the ISO 27001 certification.
  3. Conduct Interviews and Gather Information
    Collaborate with key stakeholders, security personnel, and IT staff to collect relevant documentation.
    Relevant documentation is anything related to the company’s security practices, policies, procedures, risk assessments, and controls.
    This includes also security manuals, configuration details, system logs, incident reports, risk assessments, and other related documents.
  4. Create a Gap Analysis Checklist
    Develop a detailed checklist that maps the ISO 27001 controls to the company’s existing security controls and practices. The checklist should include relevant information for each control, such as descriptions, implementation status, supporting evidence, and any gaps or deviations. Always keep in mind what was decided in “2. Define the scope”, because this will give you the depth of the analysis.
  5. Assess Current Security Controls for Non-Compliance
    For each control in the checklist, assess whether the company has implemented the control as specified by ISO 27001. Evaluate the effectiveness of the existing controls in meeting the standard’s requirements. Identify gaps and areas where the company’s security measures do not meet the standard’s expectations. These gaps may include missing controls, insufficient implementation, inadequate documentation, or deviations from best practices.
  6. Prioritize and Rate the Gaps
    Classify the identified gaps based on their severity and potential impact on security. Assign a risk rating to each gap to help prioritize remediation efforts.
  7. Propose Remediation Measures
    For each identified gap, suggest specific remediation measures to address the deficiencies. These measures should align with ISO 27001 requirements and aim to improve the company’s security posture.
  8. Create an Action Plan
    Create a detailed action plan that outlines the steps to be taken to address each identified gap. This plan should include timelines, responsibilities, and resources required for implementation.
  9. Reassess and Update
    Periodically repeat the gap analysis process to assess the company’s security stance and ensure continuous improvement. Regularly review and update the action plan based on new threats, changes in the organization’s structure, or updates to the ISO 27001 standard.
  10. Monitor and Review Progress
    Once the action plan is underway, monitor the progress of each remediation effort and periodically review the improvements made. Track the status of the gaps and ensure that the company is moving towards full compliance with ISO 27001.

 

 

References:

The post NIS2: 1. Perform a gap analysis first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

How-To: NIS2 EU Directive

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The NIS2 Directive is a European Union legislative text on cybersecurity that supersedes the first NIS (Network and Information Security) Directive, adopted in July 2016.

NIS vs. NIS2

While the first NIS (Network and Information Security) Directive increased the Member States’ cybersecurity capabilities, its implementation proved difficult, resulting in fragmentation at different levels across the internal market. To respond to the growing threats posed with digitalisation and the surge in cyber-attacks, the Commission has submitted a proposal to replace the NIS Directive and thereby strengthen the security requirements, address the security of supply chains, streamline reporting obligations, and introduce more stringent supervisory measures and stricter enforcement requirements, including harmonised sanctions across the EU.

NIS2 strengthens security requirements in the EU by expanding the NIS scope to more sectors and entities, taking into account

  • the security of supply chains,
  • streamlining reporting obligations,
  • introducing monitoring measures,
  • introducing more stringent enforcement requirements,
  • adding the concept of “management bodies” accountability within companies, and
  • harmonizing and tightening sanctions in all Member States.

To achieve the above mentioned goals, NIS2 requires member states to take a number of measures that forces them to work together:

  • Establish or improve information sharing between member states and a common incident response plan that coordinates with other member state plans
  • Establish a national Computer Emergency Response Team
  • Strengthen cooperation between public and private sector entities

 

In a nutshell, companies can stay compliant with the NIS2 Directive by

  • establishing an effective monitoring system that can detect intrusions, detect suspicious activities, and alert the authorities when necessary
  • developing comprehensive plans that detail how they will respond to an attack and what steps they will take to recover from it.

 

The official website of the EU for the NIS2 Directive has prepared an FAQ with many good questions and answers.

However, what the website is not saying (for good reasons) is how should companies start to prepare for implementing the directive.

 

How to start the compliance path

In order to successfully start implementing the requirements, the following steps should be implemented in this order. We will publish articles about pretty much each of these topics.

 

1.Conduct a gap analysis

Assess your company’s current cybersecurity practices, policies, and infrastructure against the requirements of the NIS2 directive.

Identify any gaps or areas that need improvement to comply with the directive.

Dedicated article:  https://www.sorinmustaca.com/nis2-1-perform-a-gap-analysis/

 

2.Designate a responsible person or team

Appoint an individual or a team responsible for overseeing the implementation of the NIS2 directive within your company. This could be a dedicated cybersecurity team or an existing department with relevant expertise.

Dedicated article: https://www.sorinmustaca.com/nis2-2-designate-a-responsible-person-or-team/

 

3.Establish a cybersecurity framework

Develop or update your company’s cybersecurity framework to align with the NIS2 directive. This framework should include policies, procedures, and technical controls to protect your network and information systems effectively.

Dedicated article: https://www.sorinmustaca.com/nis2-3-establish-a-cybersecurity-framework/

 

4.Perform a risk assessment

Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of your company’s network and information systems. Identify potential threats, vulnerabilities, and risks that may impact the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of critical systems and data. This assessment will help you prioritize security measures and allocate appropriate resources. Risk management and assessments are an ongoing process. Once one risk assessment is carried out, it is important to schedule regular updates to ensure all steps are maintained.

Dedicated article: https://www.sorinmustaca.com/nis2-perform-a-risk-assessment/

 

5.Implement security measures

Based on the risk assessment findings, implement appropriate security measures to mitigate identified risks. This may include network segmentation, access controls, intrusion detection systems, incident response procedures, encryption, employee training, and regular security updates, among others.

Dedicated article:

 

6.Establish incident response capabilities

Develop an incident response plan and establish procedures for detecting, responding to, and recovering from cybersecurity incidents. Ensure the assigned employees are trained on how to recognize and report security breaches promptly. Business continuity is a very complex topic, which must be planned with a lot of time in advance and it requires extra resources (both human and financial).

Dedicated article:

 

7.Continuously Monitor and review

Implement mechanisms to continuously monitor and assess your network and information systems for potential threats. Regularly review and update your cybersecurity measures to adapt to emerging risks and changes in the threat landscape.

Dedicated article:

 

8. Maintain documentation and records

Keep comprehensive documentation of your cybersecurity measures, risk assessments, incident response activities, and any other relevant information. This documentation will serve as evidence of compliance and may be required for regulatory audits or investigations. A good record might save your company legal and regulatory repercussions in case of a major incident (cyber related or not).

Dedicated article:

 

9.Engage with regulatory authorities

Stay informed about any reporting or notification obligations outlined in the NIS2 directive. Establish communication channels with the relevant regulatory authorities and comply with any reporting requirements or inquiries they may have. NIS2 strives to improve EU-wide communication and sharing of cyber events in order to better prepare answers and reactions. Communication has never been more important than now.

Dedicated article:

 

10. Define KPIs for cybersecurity and measures taken based on them

In order to measure the effectiveness of the cybersecurity, you need to define metrics that allow identifying and quantifying changes. Example of metrics are number of incidents, types of incidents,  how many trainings have been made, how many people were trained, how many pentests were made and how many issues were identified, and many more.

Dedicated article:

 

 

 

The post How-To: NIS2 EU Directive first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

Executive summary: NIS2 Directive for the EU members

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The NIS 2 Directive is a set of cybersecurity guidelines and requirements established by the European Union (EU) . It replaces and repeals the NIS Directive (Directive 2016/1148/EC) . The full name of the directive is “Directive (EU) 2022/2555 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 and Directive (EU) 2018/1972, and repealing Directive (EU) 2016/1148 (NIS 2 Directive)” .

The NIS 2 Directive aims to improve cybersecurity risk management and introduce reporting obligations across sectors such as energy, transport, health, and digital infrastructure . It provides legal measures to boost the overall level of cybersecurity in the EU .

The directive covers a larger share of the economy and society by including more sectors, which means that more entities are obliged to take measures to increase their level of cybersecurity .

The management bodies of essential and important entities must approve the cybersecurity risk-management measures taken by those entities, oversee its implementation, and can be held liable for infringements .

Who is affected?

The NIS 2 Directive significantly expands the sectors and type of critical entities falling under its scope.

As a ground rule, companies from certain areas that meet these conditions are affected:

Essential Entities (EE):

  • at least 250 employees and
  • 50 Mil € revenue

Important Entities (IE):

  • at least 50 employees and
  • 10 Mil € revenue

 

NIS 2 covers areas such as

  • Essential Entities:
    • energy (electricity, district heating and cooling, oil, gas and hydrogen);
    • transport (air, rail, water and road); banking;
    • financial market infrastructures;
    • health including  manufacture of pharmaceutical products including vaccines;
    • drinking water;
    • waste water;
    • digital infrastructure (internet exchange points; DNS service providers;
    • TLD name registries; cloud computing service providers;
    • data centre service providers;
    • content delivery networks;
    • trust service providers;
    • providers of  public electronic communications networks and publicly available electronic communications services);
    • ICT service management (managed service providers and managed security service providers), public administration and space.

Important Entities:

    • postal and courier services;
    • waste management;
    • chemicals;
    • food;
    • manufacturing of medical devices, computers and electronics, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers and other transport equipment;
    • digital providers (online market places, online search engines, and social networking service platforms) and research organisations.

Note:
An entity may still be considered “essential” or “important” even if it does not meet the size criteria, in specific cases such as when it is the sole provider of a critical service for societal or economic activity in a Member State.

 

Deadlines

The Member States have until October 17, 2024, to adopt and publish the measures necessary to comply with the NIS 2 Directive. They shall apply those measures from October 18, 2024 .

The benefits of the NIS 2 directive include creating the necessary cyber crisis management structure (CyCLONe), increasing the level of harmonization regarding security requirements and reporting obligations, encouraging Members States to introduce new areas of interest such as supply chain, vulnerability management, core internet, and cyber hygiene in their national cybersecurity strategies, bringing novel ideas such as peer reviews for enhancing collaboration and knowledge sharing amongst Member States .

In order to comply with the NIS 2 directive, entities will need to take measures to increase their level of cybersecurity. This may include following training for members of management bodies of essential and important entities as well as offering similar training to their employees on a regular basis .

How does the NIS 2 Directive differ from the previous directive?

The NIS 2 Directive replaces the previous Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive, which was the first piece of EU-wide legislation on cybersecurity. Its specific aim was to achieve a high common level of cybersecurity across the Member States .

While the NIS Directive increased the Member States’ cybersecurity capabilities, its implementation proved difficult, resulting in fragmentation at different levels across the internal market. To respond to the growing threats posed by digitalization and the surge in cyber-attacks, the Commission submitted a proposal to replace the NIS Directive and thereby strengthen security requirements, address security of supply chains, streamline reporting obligations, and introduce more stringent supervisory measures and stricter enforcement requirements, including harmonized sanctions across the EU .

 

Consequences

The proposed expansion of the scope covered by NIS 2, by effectively obliging more entities and sectors to take measures, would assist in increasing the level of cybersecurity in Europe in the longer term . The NIS 2 Directive establishes very strict sanctions for breaches of its obligations. In contrast to the previous NIS Directive, which merely required Member States to set forth effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties for non-compliance, the NIS 2 Directive introduces a much stricter regime .

NIS 2 will introduce a fining regime for non-compliance. The potential maximum fines for non-compliance could reach either

(i) €10 million or 2% of global annual turnover for “essential” entities or

(ii) €7 million or 1.4% of global annual turnover for “important” entities .

Next

In a future post I will explain how these requirements can be achieved.
Sources:
1. cybertalk.org
2. nis-2-directive.com
3. digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu
4. enisa.europa.eu
5. europarl.europa.eu
6. mondaq.com
7. rapid7.com
8. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/faqs/directive-measures-high-common-level-cybersecurity-across-union-nis2-directive-faqs

The post Executive summary: NIS2 Directive for the EU members first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

Implementing secure over-the-air (OTA) updates in embedded devices

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This is a follow up article related to Secure Booting and Secure Flashing. It is the 5th article related to Strengthening the Security of Embedded Devices

Implementing secure over-the-air (OTA) updates in embedded devices requires careful consideration of various security aspects.

Here are some key steps to implement secure OTA updates:

1. Secure Communication Channel
– Use secure protocols such as HTTPS or MQTT over TLS/SSL to establish an encrypted communication channel between the device and the update server.
– Authenticate the server using certificates to ensure the device is communicating with a trusted source.
– Employ strong encryption algorithms to protect the confidentiality and integrity of the update data during transmission.

2. Code and Firmware Integrity
– Digitally sign the firmware updates using a private key and verify the signature using a corresponding public key on the device.
– Implement mechanisms such as checksums or hash functions to verify the integrity of the received update files.
– Use secure boot techniques to ensure that only trusted and authenticated firmware updates are installed on the device.

3. Access Control and Authorization
– Authenticate and authorize the device before allowing it to download and install updates.
– Implement access control mechanisms to ensure that only authorized devices or users can initiate or perform updates.
– Employ secure user authentication methods such as username/password, certificates, or tokens to validate the device’s identity.

4. Incremental Updates and Rollbacks
– Support incremental updates to reduce the data transfer size and minimize the update time, especially for large firmware files.
– Implement mechanisms to handle update failures or rollbacks in case of errors or compatibility issues during the update process.

5. Secure Storage
– Store the downloaded update files securely on the device to prevent unauthorized access or tampering.
– Use encryption and access control mechanisms to protect the firmware updates from extraction or modification by unauthorized entities.

6. Logging and Auditing
– Maintain logs of OTA update activities, including details such as update versions, timestamps, and device identification.
– Implement auditing mechanisms to track and monitor update processes, detecting any suspicious or unauthorized activities.

7. Regular Security Updates and Patch Management
– Continuously monitor for security vulnerabilities and release patches or updates as needed.
– Implement a robust patch management system to ensure timely deployment of security updates to the embedded devices.

8. Testing and Validation
– Conduct thorough testing and validation of the OTA update process, including functional, security, and compatibility testing.
– Perform vulnerability assessments and penetration testing to identify potential weaknesses in the OTA update implementation.

Last, but not least:

You need to have a secure backend that serves the updates. Make sure that you have configured the server correctly, secure and that it is always updated to the latest version.

 

Follow these best practices to establish a secure OTA update mechanism, ensuring that devices receive timely and secure firmware updates while mitigating the risk of unauthorized access, tampering, or exploitation during the update process.

The post Implementing secure over-the-air (OTA) updates in embedded devices first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

Strengthening the Security of Embedded Devices

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Embedded devices are specialized computing systems designed to perform specific tasks or functions within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded devices are typically integrated into other devices or systems and are dedicated to carrying out a specific set of functions. They are often characterized by their compact size, low power consumption, and optimized performance for their intended application.

Embedded devices can be found in various domains and industries, including consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, industrial automation, telecommunications, and IoT (Internet of Things). Examples of embedded devices include:

  1. Smartphones and tablets: These devices integrate multiple functionalities such as communication, multimedia, and internet access into a portable form factor.
  2. Home appliances: Devices like refrigerators, washing machines, and thermostats may contain embedded systems that control their operations and offer smart features.
  3. Industrial control systems: Embedded devices are widely used in manufacturing plants and industrial environments to monitor and control processes, machinery, and equipment.
  4. Automotive systems: Embedded devices are essential components in modern vehicles, managing functions such as engine control, entertainment systems, safety features, and navigation.
  5. Medical devices: Embedded systems are utilized in various medical equipment, such as patient monitoring devices, implantable devices, and diagnostic tools.
  6. IoT devices: These are interconnected devices that gather, transmit, and process data. Examples include smart home devices, wearable devices, and environmental sensors.

Embedded devices typically consist of hardware components (such as microprocessors, memory, and sensors) and software (including operating systems, firmware, and application software) tailored to perform specific tasks efficiently. They are designed to operate reliably in often resource-constrained environments and are subject to specific security and safety considerations based on their application domain.

Overall, embedded devices serve as the backbone of numerous technological advancements, enabling automation, connectivity, and enhanced functionality in various sectors.

Embedded devices have become an integral part of our daily lives, powering everything from smartphones and smart home devices to critical infrastructure and industrial systems. However, their proliferation also brings forth significant security concerns. Ensuring the security of embedded devices is of paramount importance to protect against potential vulnerabilities and mitigate the risks of cyber threats. This article explores the key challenges surrounding the security of embedded devices and highlights the measures needed to fortify their defenses.

The Unique Security Challenges:
Embedded devices face several unique security challenges that differentiate them from traditional computing systems:

1. Resource Constraints: Many embedded devices have limited computational power, memory, and energy resources. This poses challenges in implementing robust security mechanisms without impacting the device’s performance or battery life.

2. Long Lifecycles: Embedded devices often have long lifecycles, meaning they remain in operation for extended periods. Ensuring security over such durations necessitates proactive measures, including regular software updates and patch management.

3. Diverse Ecosystems: Embedded devices interact with a diverse range of software and hardware components, creating a complex ecosystem that requires careful consideration of security across all layers, from hardware to firmware and software.

Enhancing Security in Embedded Devices:
To bolster the security of embedded devices, the following measures should be implemented:

1. Secure Booting: Enforcing secure booting mechanisms ensures that only trusted and authenticated software components are loaded during the boot process. This prevents the execution of unauthorized or malicious code, establishing a foundation of trust in the device’s software stack.

2. Code and Data Encryption: Implementing strong encryption algorithms safeguards sensitive data stored on embedded devices, as well as the communication channels they utilize. Encryption helps protect against unauthorized access and data breaches, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the device and its data.

3. Robust Authentication: Strong authentication mechanisms, such as multifactor authentication or biometrics, should be employed to verify the identity of users or external systems attempting to access or interact with the device. This prevents unauthorized access and reduces the risk of compromise.

4. Regular Software Updates: Timely and regular software updates are crucial for patching security vulnerabilities and addressing emerging threats. Embedded device manufacturers should provide updates throughout the device’s lifecycle, ensuring that security patches and fixes are deployed promptly.

5. Secure Communications: Implementing secure communication protocols, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), protects data transmitted between embedded devices and external systems, safeguarding against interception and tampering.

6. Vulnerability Management: Regular vulnerability assessments and penetration testing should be conducted to identify and address potential weaknesses in embedded devices. This proactive approach helps identify and remediate vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by attackers.

7. Secure flashing: regular software updates don’t bring too much if there are no mechanisms to ensure that the updates are authentic. This mechanisms checks that the delivered updates are signed by the producer of the device and therefor secure to deploy.

We will be addressing in several articles some of these unique challenges they present : secure booting, implementing encryption and authentication, software updates, secure flashing, secure communications, vulnerability management.

 

The post Strengthening the Security of Embedded Devices first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

How to Configure the Most Secure Settings for Microsoft Defender

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Microsoft Defender is a comprehensive security solution that protects your Windows devices from various threats, such as malware, ransomware, phishing, and more.

Microsoft Defender includes several features and settings that you can customize to enhance your security and privacy.

In this article, we will show you how to configure the most secure settings for Microsoft Defender, based on the recommendations from Microsoft and other sources.

 

Enable Real-Time Protection and Cloud-Delivered Protection
Real-time protection is a feature that scans your files and programs in real-time and blocks any malicious activity. Cloud-delivered protection is a feature that uses Microsoft’s cloud-based intelligence to detect and respond to new and emerging threats. To enable these features, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security by selecting Start > Settings > Update & Security > Windows Security or by clicking the shield icon in the taskbar.

• Select Virus & threat protection.

• Under Virus & threat protection settings, select Manage settings.

• Turn on the following options: Real-time protection, Cloud-delivered protection, Automatic sample submission, and Tamper protection https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

 

Configure Firewall and Network Protection
Firewall and network protection is a feature that monitors your network connections and blocks unauthorized or malicious traffic. You can configure the firewall settings for different network profiles (domain, private, or public) and allow or block specific apps through the firewall. To configure the firewall settings, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select Firewall & network protection.

• Select the network profile that you are currently using (for example, Private network).

• Turn on Windows Defender Firewall.

• Under Allow an app through firewall, select Change settings.

• Review the list of apps that are allowed or blocked by the firewall. You can uncheck any app that you don’t trust or don’t need to access the internet. You can also add a new app by selecting Allow another app.

• Select OK to save your changes https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/recommended-settings-for-eop-and-office365?view=o365-worldwide.

 

Enable Microsoft Defender SmartScreen
Microsoft Defender SmartScreen is a feature that helps protect you from malicious websites, downloads, and apps. It checks the reputation of the sites and files you visit or download and warns you if they are potentially dangerous. To enable this feature, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select App & browser control.

• Under Microsoft Defender SmartScreen, turn on the following options: Check apps and files, SmartScreen for Microsoft Edge, SmartScreen for Microsoft Store apps
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

 

Enable Exploit Protection
Exploit protection is a feature that helps protect your device from common exploits that target vulnerabilities in software. It applies mitigations to apps and processes to prevent or reduce the impact of attacks. To enable this feature, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select App & browser control.

• Under Exploit protection settings, select Exploit protection settings.

• Under System settings, turn on all the options that are available (for example, Data Execution Prevention, Force randomization for images, Validate heap integrity, etc.)

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

• Under Program settings, you can also customize the exploit protection settings for specific apps by selecting Add program to customize.

 

Enable Controlled Folder Access
Controlled folder access is a feature that helps protect your important files from ransomware and other unauthorized changes. It allows only trusted apps to access your protected folders and blocks any suspicious or malicious attempts. To enable this feature, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select Virus & threat protection.

• Under Ransomware protection, select Manage ransomware protection.

• Turn on Controlled folder access.

• Under Protected folders, you can see the default folders that are protected by this feature (such as Documents, Pictures, Videos, etc.). You can also add additional folders by selecting Add a protected folder.

• Under Allow an app through Controlled folder access, you can see the list of apps that are allowed to access your protected folders. You can also add a new app by selecting Add an allowed app

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

 

Enable Account Protection
Account protection is a feature that helps you improve your sign-in security and manage your account settings. It encourages you to use strong authentication methods such as Windows Hello or Microsoft Authenticator app and alerts you if there are any issues with your account. To enable this feature, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select Account protection.

• Sign in with your Microsoft account if you haven’t already.

• Under Windows Hello, set up a PIN, fingerprint, or face recognition to sign in to your device without a password.

• Under Dynamic lock, turn on Allow Windows to automatically lock your device when you’re away if you want to use this feature.

• Under Account management, review your account settings and security info

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

 

Update Your Device Regularly
One of the best ways to keep your device secure is to update it regularly with the latest security patches and feature updates. Windows Update automatically downloads and installs updates for your device, but you can also check for updates manually and change some settings. To update your device, follow these steps:

• Open Windows Security and select Device performance & health.

• Under Windows Update, select Check for updates.

• If there are any available updates, select Download and install or Install now.

• You can also select Advanced options to change some settings, such as when to schedule the updates, how to pause the updates, or how to opt in to the Windows Insider Program

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/stay-protected-with-windows-security-2ae0363d-0ada-c064-8b56-6a39afb6a963.

 

Conclusion
Microsoft Defender is a powerful security solution that can help you protect your Windows devices from various threats. By following the steps in this article, you can configure the most secure settings for Microsoft Defender and enhance your security and privacy. However, you should also remember that no security solution is perfect and you should always be careful and vigilant when using your device online.

References

Stay protected with Windows Security – Microsoft Support

Best practices for configuring Windows Defender Firewall – Microsoft Learn

This article was written by Bing AI client integrated in Skype.

Q: design a picture showing microsoft defender hardening

A:

The post How to Configure the Most Secure Settings for Microsoft Defender first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

The Importance of Implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS)

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In today’s interconnected and data-driven business landscape, information has become one of the most valuable assets for companies. As organizations rely heavily on technology and digital platforms, protecting sensitive data from threats has become a critical concern.

This is where an Information Security Management System (ISMS) plays a pivotal role. In this article, we will explore why it is essential for companies to have an ISMS and how it can help safeguard their information assets.

Definitions

An ISMS, or Information Security Management System, is a systematic approach to managing an organization’s information security processes, policies, and controls. It is a framework that provides a structured and holistic approach to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information assets within an organization.

The primary objective of an ISMS is to establish a set of coordinated security practices that align with the organization’s overall business goals and risk management strategies. It involves defining and implementing policies, procedures, guidelines, and controls to manage the security of information assets effectively.

Key components of an ISMS typically include:

  1. Risk Assessment: Identifying and assessing potential risks and vulnerabilities to the organization’s information assets, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and system failures.
  2. Security Policies: Developing comprehensive policies and guidelines that outline the organization’s approach to information security, including acceptable use, data classification, incident response, and access control.
  3. Asset Management: Inventorying and categorizing information assets based on their importance and sensitivity, ensuring proper protection measures are applied accordingly.
  4. Access Control: Implementing controls to manage user access privileges, authentication mechanisms, and authorization processes to ensure that only authorized individuals can access sensitive information.
  5. Incident Response: Establishing procedures and protocols to detect, respond to, and recover from security incidents, including data breaches, malware attacks, or system compromises.
  6. Business Continuity Planning: Developing strategies to maintain critical business operations during and after a security incident or a disruptive event, ensuring minimal impact on the organization’s functions and services.
  7. Security Awareness and Training: Promoting a culture of security within the organization through regular training programs and awareness campaigns to educate employees about security best practices and their roles in protecting information assets.
  8. Continuous Monitoring and Improvement: Regularly monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of security controls, conducting audits, and implementing improvements to address emerging threats and vulnerabilities.

Commonly recognized standards for implementing an ISMS include ISO/IEC 27001, which provides a globally recognized framework for information security management, and NIST Cybersecurity Framework, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States.

 

ISMS Scope

Key goals of an ISMS are:

1. Protecting Confidentiality and Integrity:

Companies possess a vast amount of confidential information, including customer data, financial records, proprietary processes, and intellectual property. An ISMS provides a structured framework to identify, classify, and protect this valuable information from unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification. By implementing robust security controls and protocols, an ISMS ensures the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data, reducing the risk of data breaches, leaks, and unauthorized usage.

2. Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Requirements:

In an era of increasing data privacy regulations, companies face stringent legal obligations to protect customer information and comply with industry-specific standards. Implementing an ISMS assists in meeting these requirements by providing a systematic approach to information security management. Whether it’s the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), or Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), an ISMS helps companies establish and maintain a strong security posture, avoiding legal penalties and reputational damage.

3. Mitigating Risks and Vulnerabilities:

Cyber threats and attacks are a constant and evolving concern for businesses of all sizes. An ISMS helps identify potential risks and vulnerabilities within the company’s information systems and infrastructure. By conducting regular risk assessments and implementing appropriate controls, such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems, an ISMS minimizes the likelihood of security incidents. It enables proactive monitoring, threat detection, and incident response, ensuring that companies can effectively manage security risks.

4. Enhancing Customer Trust and Competitive Advantage:

In today’s highly competitive marketplace, customers prioritize the security and privacy of their data. By implementing an ISMS, companies demonstrate their commitment to protecting customer information and build trust among their client base. A robust information security framework helps differentiate the organization from its competitors and can be a valuable marketing point, particularly when dealing with sensitive data or operating in industries where security is paramount. Additionally, companies that adhere to international standards such as ISO 27001 gain a competitive edge by showcasing their dedication to best practices in information security management.

5. Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery:

Information security incidents can have severe consequences, leading to financial losses, operational disruptions, and damage to the company’s reputation. An ISMS encompasses business continuity planning and disaster recovery strategies to minimize the impact of such incidents. By implementing appropriate backup mechanisms, incident response protocols, and recovery procedures, companies can quickly restore operations and maintain the trust of stakeholders in the event of a security breach or a disruptive event.

An ISMS provides a comprehensive framework to protect sensitive information, comply with legal obligations, mitigate risks, build customer trust, and ensure business continuity. By implementing an ISMS, organizations can safeguard their valuable assets, keep and even enhance their reputation.

The post The Importance of Implementing an Information Security Management System (ISMS) first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

How to convince Top Management to invest in cybersecurity and secure software development

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I’ve heard many times IT people and Software Developers complaining that they have difficulties to sensibilize their managers to invest more in cybersecurity.

Also some employees of my customers in the cybersecurity consulting area show sometimes frustration when we are talking about priorities of their top management – cybersecurity is almost neveve one until it is too late.

When I talk to C-Level of the organizations that book us for consulting, I am telling them that organizations face an increasing number of cyber threats these days compared to 10-20 years ago  (yes, we are so old).

They have a lot of risks like data breaches, ransomware attacks, and intellectual property theft and their only chance to survive these is to  investing early in robust cybersecurity measures and secure software development practices.

However, convincing top management to allocate resources and invest in these areas is a challenging task for everyone, me included.

Unfortunately, investing in cybersecurity is a bit like investing in a optional insurance: you want it so that you can stay relaxed, but you know you are not forced to buy it, so you try to find the cheapest one that covers more or less your risks. Additionally, you don’t even want to invest much in finding the right one that suits you, because you considered even this time almost a waste. In the end, you do something just for the sake of being able to sleep better, but deep down in your mind you know that you don’t actually know if it will help you if something happens, so you just tell yourself: this will not happen to me. Sounds familiar, right? 🙂

 

Here are some thoughts that you can expand if you want, that can help you persuade your management to invest in cybersecurity and secure software development.

  1. Understand the Risks and Consequences: Before making your case to top management, thoroughly comprehend the risks associated with inadequate cybersecurity and insecure software. Research recent cyber-attacks and data breaches to present real-life examples of the devastating consequences that organizations have faced. Emphasize the financial, reputational, and legal ramifications that can result from such incidents.
  2. Communicate in Business Terms: Top management is primarily concerned with the organization’s success and business continuity and growth. To effectively persuade them, it is essential to frame your argument in terms of business impact. Highlight how cybersecurity and secure software development directly contribute to the organization’s profitability, customer trust, regulatory compliance, and competitive advantage.
  3. Showcase the ROI of the investment: Present a compelling return on investment (ROI) analysis to demonstrate the financial benefits of investing in cybersecurity and secure software development. Calculate potential cost savings by comparing the expenses associated with preventing a breach to the financial implications of recovering from an attack. Additionally, highlight the positive impact on productivity, customer retention, and brand value that can result from a strong cybersecurity posture.
  4. Address Regulatory Compliance: Many industries (medicine, automotive, software development) have stringent data protection regulations and privacy laws. Highlight the legal and financial risks of non-compliance, such as substantial fines and damage to the organization’s reputation. Explain how investing in cybersecurity and secure software development aligns with regulatory requirements, safeguarding the organization against potential penalties and legal repercussions.
  5. Present Industry Benchmarks and Best Practices: Illustrate industry benchmarks and best practices to establish a standard of excellence in cybersecurity and secure software development. Share case studies of organizations in the same industry that have suffered cyber-attacks or data breaches, emphasizing how investing in security measures could have prevented or mitigated the damage. Highlight recognized frameworks and certifications, such as ISO 27001 and PCI DSS, to demonstrate the organization’s commitment to security.
  6. Present the Threat Landscape: Explain the main cyber threats and the need for investment in cybersecurity. Highlight risks such as ransomware, social engineering, and zero-day vulnerabilities. Illustrate the importance of regular security assessments, penetration testing, and employee training to stay ahead of new threats. Explain that cybersecurity is not a one-time investment but an ongoing process that requires continuous attention.
  7. Come up with a Step-By-Step Plan: Explain how a plan in several steps will help to mitigate the problems without causing too much disruption in the daily business. If business people want to hear anything more often , than it is that it won’t cost too much.
    Tailoring the solution in many steps and matching your company’s needs will also allow controlling the costs involved with the implementation.

 

Convincing top management to invest in cybersecurity and secure software development requires a strategic step-by-step approach. No business can go all-in because cybersecurity is hard to implement, even harder to maintain and expensive..

Remember to tailor your arguments and plans to the specific needs and priorities of your organization.

With a well-structured and persuasive approach, you can encourage top management to prioritize and allocate resources to safeguard the organization’s digital assets and ensure its long-term success in the face of evolving cyber threats.

 

If you need help to talk to your management, you can book the consulting services of Endpoint Cybersecurity here.

The post How to convince Top Management to invest in cybersecurity and secure software development first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

The Importance of Training Employees in Cybersecurity

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In today’s increasingly interconnected world, cyber threats pose a significant risk to businesses of all sizes.

As technology advances, cybercriminals become more sophisticated, making it imperative for organizations to prioritize cybersecurity measures.

While investing in robust infrastructure and advanced tools is crucial, one often overlooked aspect is the training of employees.

This article aims to

  • convince managers of the importance of training employees about cybersecurity
  • provide material for employees to convince their managers to invest in training
  • highlight the significant benefits it brings to the organization

 

There are

  1. Human Error: The Weakest Link
    Despite technological advancements, employees remain the weakest link in an organization’s cybersecurity defense. Studies consistently show that human error is the leading cause of security breaches. Employees are vulnerable to social engineering attacks, phishing attempts, and inadvertently downloading malware. By training employees, you can minimize the risks associated with human error, empowering them to recognize and respond appropriately to potential threats.
    Cybersecurity training serves as a powerful tool to enhance employees’ understanding of potential threats and the implications of their actions.
    Employees are at the forefront of an organization’s defense against cyber threats. By providing comprehensive cybersecurity training, managers empower their employees to actively contribute to the organization’s security posture.
    When employees are aware of their role in protecting sensitive data, they become vigilant in their interactions with technology and more likely to report suspicious activities promptly.
    This collective effort transforms every employee into an essential component of the organization’s defense mechanism.
  2. Enhanced Threat Awareness
    Cyber threats are constantly evolving, making it crucial for employees to stay informed about the latest trends and attack vectors. Cybersecurity training equips employees with the knowledge to identify warning signs, suspicious activities, and potential vulnerabilities. It cultivates a culture of vigilance, enabling employees to report and address security incidents promptly, reducing the likelihood of successful cyber attacks.
    By creating awareness about these attack vectors,employees develop a proactive mindset in identifying and thwarting potential attacks. Awareness training equips them with the knowledge to recognize warning signs, suspicious emails, and malicious websites, thus significantly reducing the risk of falling victim to cybercriminals.
  3. Safeguarding Sensitive Information
    Every organization possesses sensitive information, whether it’s customer data, intellectual property, or financial records. A single data breach can lead to severe financial and reputational damage. Training employees about cybersecurity best practices creates a security-conscious workforce. They understand the value of data protection and the potential consequences of mishandling sensitive information. Consequently, they become more proactive in implementing security measures and adhering to established protocols.
  4. Compliance and Regulatory Requirements
    Numerous industries are subject to strict regulations regarding data protection and privacy. Non-compliance can result in substantial penalties and legal repercussions. By providing cybersecurity training, organizations ensure that employees understand and comply with relevant regulations. Training programs can address specific industry requirements, such as handling personally identifiable information (PII) or protected health information (PHI), reducing the risk of non-compliance and associated penalties. Cybersecurity training ensures that employees are aware of their responsibilities in handling sensitive data. By instilling a comprehensive understanding of compliance regulations and data privacy best practices, organizations can avoid costly penalties and maintain the trust of their customers and stakeholders.
  5. Incident Response and Mitigation
    Even with strong preventative measures, it’s essential to have an effective incident response plan in place. Cybersecurity training equips employees with the knowledge and skills to respond promptly and effectively to security incidents. Training covers topics such as incident reporting, containment procedures, and communication protocols. Well-prepared employees can limit the scope and impact of security breaches, reducing downtime and potential financial losses.
  6. Fostering a Security Culture
    Training employees in cybersecurity sends a clear message: protecting digital assets is a collective responsibility. By prioritizing cybersecurity training, managers foster a culture of security within the organization. When employees recognize that cybersecurity is integral to their roles, they become proactive participants in maintaining a secure environment. This cultural shift significantly enhances the organization’s overall security posture and resilience against cyber threats.

 

In today’s digital landscape, no organization can afford to neglect cybersecurity training for its employees. By investing in comprehensive training programs, managers empower their workforce to become the first line of defense against cyber threats.

Training enhances threat awareness, mitigates human error, safeguards sensitive information, ensures compliance, and fosters a security-conscious culture.

By prioritizing cybersecurity training, organizations bolster their resilience and reduce the risks associated with cyber attacks, safeguarding their reputation, finances, and future success.

The post The Importance of Training Employees in Cybersecurity first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.

Preventing Attacks and Securing the Supply Chain in the Security Software Industry

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The security software industry plays a vital role in safeguarding sensitive data and protecting digital infrastructure.

However, the industry itself faces a significant threat from supply chain attacks.

Supply chain attacks occur when cybercriminals target vulnerabilities within the supply chain to compromise software or hardware products before they reach the end-users.

By infiltrating the supply chain, attackers can inject malicious code, backdoors, or vulnerabilities, thereby compromising the security of the software.

Such attacks can have far-reaching consequences, as they can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical systems and data.

These attacks have the potential to undermine the integrity and trustworthiness of security software, leading to severe consequences for individuals, organizations, and even nations.

This article examines the damaging impact of supply chain attacks on the security software industry, while also delving into preventive measures and strategies to secure the supply chain.

 

Impact:

  1. Loss of Trust: Supply chain attacks erode trust in security software products and the industry as a whole. When high-profile incidents occur, customers may lose confidence in the ability of software vendors to protect their assets and data.
  2. Financial Loss: The costs associated with supply chain attacks are staggering. Companies suffer significant financial losses due to reputational damage, legal consequences, customer compensation, and the costs of investigating and mitigating the attack.
  3. Weakened Defenses: A compromised security software product can result in weakened defenses for individuals, organizations, and governments, leaving them vulnerable to further cyberattacks. This situation can have severe consequences, particularly when critical infrastructure or national security is at stake.

 

Preventing Attacks:

  1. Enhanced Vendor Due Diligence: Organizations should thoroughly vet and assess the security practices of their software vendors and suppliers. This includes scrutinizing their security measures, incident response plans, and third-party audits.
  2. Secure Development Practices: Implementing secure software development practices, such as code review, vulnerability testing, and penetration testing, can help identify and rectify potential weaknesses in software products.
  3. Strong Authentication and Encryption: Implementing robust authentication mechanisms and encryption protocols helps protect the integrity and confidentiality of software and its supply chain components.
  4. Regular Updates and Patching: Ensuring timely and regular updates and patches are applied to software products and their supply chain components helps address known vulnerabilities and protect against emerging threats.

 

Mitigations:

  1. End-to-End Visibility: Organizations must have comprehensive visibility into their supply chain, including the identification of all suppliers and the ability to monitor their security practices throughout the software development lifecycle.
  2. Supply Chain Risk Assessment: Conducting a thorough risk assessment helps identify potential vulnerabilities and risks within the supply chain. This assessment should encompass all stages, from design to distribution, and involve evaluating suppliers, their security practices, and their access controls.
  3. Supplier Contracts and Agreements: Organizations should establish clear contractual agreements with suppliers that define security requirements, incident response protocols, and breach notification obligations. Regular audits and assessments can help ensure compliance.
  4. Incident Response Planning: Developing and regularly testing an incident response plan specific to supply chain attacks enables organizations to respond swiftly and effectively, mitigating the impact of any potential breach.

 

Supply chain attacks pose a significant threat to the security software industry, compromising the integrity and trustworthiness of software products. The damaging consequences include loss of trust, financial losses, and weakened defenses. However, by implementing preventive measures, such as enhanced vendor due diligence, secure development practices, and regular updates, organizations can bolster their defenses against supply chain attacks. Additionally, securing the supply chain through end-to-end visibility, risk assessments, supplier contracts, and incident response planning.

 

If you want to know how to address Supply Chain issues, you can contact Endpoint Cybersecurity for a free consultation.

Supply Chain Management

 

 

The post Preventing Attacks and Securing the Supply Chain in the Security Software Industry first appeared on Sorin Mustaca on Cybersecurity.